Whether the fluoride concentrations and profiles differ in human dental calculus obtained from different countries was investigated. These findings indicate that osteopontin is, in fact, present in human dental calculus and may be involved in calculus formation as the stone matrix. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that osteopontin was localized in dental calculus adherent to tooth roots. Two forms of osteopontin appeared at 61 and 68 kDa on 10% polyacrylamide gel and the proteins were digested with thrombin, a highly specific protease. After extraction of calculus proteins with EDTA and separation of the proteins by electrophoresis, immunoblotting analysis revealed the presence of osteopontin. In this study, whether or not human dental calculus contains osteopontin was investigated by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analyses. Recently, osteopontin was reported to be involved in urinary stone formation and atherosclerotic lesions of the aorta, suggesting that it may be a key protein associated with these types of pathological mineralization. Osteopontin is a prominent non-collagenous component of bone matrix, although it is expressed in several other tissues. The results confirmed our study hypothesis by showing that dental calculus indeed associated statistically with cardiac death due to infarction. In multiple regression analysis of the relationship between death from heart infarction as a dependent variable and CI as independent variable with controlling for age, gender, dental visits, dental plaque, periodontal pockets, education, income, socioeconomic status, and pack-years of smoking, CI score appeared to be associated with 2.3 times the odds ratio for cardiac death. The difference in the CI index score between the survivors versus deceased patients was significant by the year 2009 (P < 0.01). Women died at a mean age of 61.5 years and men at 61.7 years. Of the 1676 participants, 2.8% had died during follow-up. Unpaired t-test, Chi-square tests, and multiple logistic regressions were used. Outcome measure was cause of death classified according to WHO International Classification of Diseases.
#Worst calculus teeth registration
At the beginning of the study all subjects underwent oral clinical examination including dental calculus registration scored with calculus index (CI). Participants were 1676 healthy young Swedes followed up from 1985 to 2011.
We studied whether the amount of dental calculus is associated with death from heart infarction in the dental infection-atherosclerosis paradigm. This study found positive correlations between increased salivary CA VI activity and the amount of supragingival dental calculus however, further investigations are needed to clarify the exact association between these parameters. Significant positive correlations were found between salivary CA levels and amount of dental calculus in groups II and III (P < 0.05 and < 0.01, respectively).Conclusion Group II included light calculus formers (VMI 0.05). Group I included control individuals who had no dental calculus formation clinically (VMI = 0). In this study, we evaluated the relationship between salivary CA VI levels and the amount of supragingival dental calculus formation on human teeth.Materials and methodsSeventy-five volunteers were grouped according to their oral hygiene status, and the amount of supragingival dental calculus was measured by the Volpe–Manhold Index (VMI). Its increased levels result in a more-alkaline saliva, hence it was hypothesized to contribute to dental calculus formation together with salivary inorganic salts.
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) VI is a unique salivary isoenzyme that regulates the pH in the oral environment.
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